tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-60357333851956937682024-03-10T10:46:18.860+08:00NATURAL JUSTICETrack the ongoing efforts of this legal NGO as we seek to assist communities to engage with legal frameworks to secure environmental and social justice.Hollyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07715782708003561574noreply@blogger.comBlogger1020125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-46127052905500657572017-09-06T22:40:00.000+08:002017-09-06T22:40:20.903+08:00Natural Justice's Blog has moved to our new webpage!Natural Justice has a new <a href="http://naturaljustice.org/" target="_blank">website</a> and from August 2017 all future blogs will now appear under the <a href="http://naturaljustice.org/all-news/" target="_blank">'News'</a> page. You can also <a href="http://naturaljustice.org/sign-up/" target="_blank">sign up</a> to stay connected with us, and follow us on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/naturaljustice/" target="_blank">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://twitter.com/NaturalJustice" target="_blank">Twitter</a> and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/NaturalJusticeVideos" target="_blank">YouTube</a>.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-F9ET7O_9D-Q/WbAITsDvhgI/AAAAAAAABh4/kRRzJjCqq3U_VcaEzL5HqH7jdFqDjZixACLcBGAs/s1600/NJNews.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="582" data-original-width="1308" height="176" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-F9ET7O_9D-Q/WbAITsDvhgI/AAAAAAAABh4/kRRzJjCqq3U_VcaEzL5HqH7jdFqDjZixACLcBGAs/s400/NJNews.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
This blog will continued to be maintained as an archive of our past work.Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com16tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-27824354799825208592017-07-14T16:22:00.000+08:002017-07-14T16:26:00.202+08:00International intern Andrew Williamson reflects on five months with Natural Justice<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CblV09ahQIM/WWSFaBlT0FI/AAAAAAAABdo/C10w_mAo2EMlSeZkoV2Fe0kbxg7e4IRbACLcBGAs/s1600/Andrew2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="320" height="180" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CblV09ahQIM/WWSFaBlT0FI/AAAAAAAABdo/C10w_mAo2EMlSeZkoV2Fe0kbxg7e4IRbACLcBGAs/s320/Andrew2.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">International intern Andrew Williamson</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">An internship with Natural
Justice (NJ) offers an opportunity to experience first-hand the work and
dedication of an NGO within small team having a meaningful and significant
impact. I was with Natural Justice from February 17 to July 17 in which I was
welcomed into the team as an equal and was provided with an opportunity to
really immerse myself into the daily work of the organisation and understand
the importance and necessity of the work NJ does. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">My time with NJ was shared with Dr.
Catherine Traynor and Ms. Lesle Jansen which resulted in a variety of work
related to climate change and access and benefit sharing. My work with Dr.
Catherine Traynor centred on indigenous rights, community resources and
bio-cultural protocols all of which served as a new insight into ongoing and
detrimental effects of climate change in Southern Africa. The other half of the
work I did at NJ focused on work related to indigenous communities on a
national level alongside focusing on the ongoing activities related to Rooibos
tea and a little bit of everything in between. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The variety and unexpected
quantity and quality of work is something which I very much enjoyed while
working with NJ. On any given day, you may be involved in workshops,
interviews, meetings, conferences and field work with communities which really
demonstrates the value of the work that everybody with NJ does. These daily
activities bring together knowledge of the law, political aspects and science.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Y2maVf72NTw/WWSEwh_XpdI/AAAAAAAABdk/0uFn3VkAC6YQSS7SXhtT4TC9RKOHmdMrQCLcBGAs/s1600/Andrew_Landscape.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="623" data-original-width="466" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Y2maVf72NTw/WWSEwh_XpdI/AAAAAAAABdk/0uFn3VkAC6YQSS7SXhtT4TC9RKOHmdMrQCLcBGAs/s320/Andrew_Landscape.jpg" width="239" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Early morning view over the Richtersveld<br />
(Photo credit: Andrew Williamson)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">I was fortunate enough to
participate in two field work trips, the first being to Kuboes in the
Richtersveld area with the Nama people and the second to the Bushbukridge area
in Mpumulanga where we met the Kukula traditional practitioners. Both of these
areas are certainly not on the ‘tourist trail’ so to speak, but nevertheless
provided experiences and personal interactions with community members which will
certainly not be forgotten. The Kuboes trip focused on engaging with the
community and a follow up to previous activities. With the Kukula, NJ reviewed
the ongoing projects with the community and established future areas of work
and objectives.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Overall an internship with NJ
will provide a unique experience where you will be able to actively participate
in every aspect of an NGO with a supportive and interesting team around you. Not
only will you learn a significant amount of information related to South Africa
both past and present but also the livelihoods and cultures of the communities
NJ works with. And it goes without saying you have the opportunity to spend
some quality time in the city of Cape Town which is superb! </span><o:p></o:p></div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-81236595715871303682017-07-13T15:45:00.000+08:002017-07-13T15:45:45.121+08:00ICCA Global Support Initiative – Legal Support <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MvUHvBuZfME/WV9HrcW1m1I/AAAAAAAABco/j2j145iYdMkohnmaOy8nYclLZlQk9XcCACLcBGAs/s1600/ICCA%2Bpic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="100" data-original-width="157" height="126" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MvUHvBuZfME/WV9HrcW1m1I/AAAAAAAABco/j2j145iYdMkohnmaOy8nYclLZlQk9XcCACLcBGAs/s200/ICCA%2Bpic.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Natural
Justice is proud to announce that it will be coordinating the ICCA Global
Support Initiative’s work on legal and policy change. The work is a follow up
to the 2012 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://www.iccaconsortium.org/index.php/2012/12/31/icca-legal-review-series/"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Legal Reviews</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">
also coordinated by Natural Justice. The overall object is to ensure greater
recognition of and support for territories and areas conserved by Indigenous
peoples and communities (ICCAs) through appropriate legal/policy reforms at
national, regional and global levels in order to enhance local livelihoods and conservation
effectiveness. Activities will include: the development of up to 20 national
legal reviews, an international review and a synthesis report; submission of
insights from the national level reviews to regional and international legal
and policy processes; production of a number of policy briefs on important and
emerging issues, such as ‘</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://www.iucn.org/theme/protected-areas/wcpa/what-we-do/other-effective-area-based-conservation-measures-oecms"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">other effective area-based conservation
measures</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">;’
and the facilitation of policy platforms and in-country processes. Natural
Justice looks forward to working with the Secretariat of the ICCA Consortium
and its members, the GEF-Small Grant Program, IUCN and other partners in this
important endeavor. More information and updates will be posted to this blog
and on the consortium’s website: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.iccaconsortium.org/"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">www.iccaconsortium.org</span></a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-51097028113803604942017-07-12T16:36:00.000+08:002017-07-12T16:36:16.035+08:00Natural Justice Welcomes Kaman Kolemou <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zKgOMm7m-8M/WV9KiLfyBGI/AAAAAAAABcw/65OCeydWGakEwzCFIsX9b4pFTcZJHkuNgCLcBGAs/s1600/Kamu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zKgOMm7m-8M/WV9KiLfyBGI/AAAAAAAABcw/65OCeydWGakEwzCFIsX9b4pFTcZJHkuNgCLcBGAs/s1600/Kamu.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN"><span style="font-family: inherit;">We would like to warmly
welcome Kaman KOULEMOU, our new Researcher in Guinea for the research project
on strategies to mitigate impacts of extractives and infrastructure projects.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kaman is a graduate in
International Relations at the GAMAL ABDEL NASSER University in Conakry.
Inspired by his final project on the prevention and management of community
conflicts in the region of Guinée Forestière, he set himself the goal of
working for peace and social cohesion. To this end, he has received
professional training at the Center for Research and Action for Peace (CERAP)
in Cote d'Ivoire and at the West African Institute for Peacebuilding Training
(WAPI) in Ghana.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="Image_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="Description: E:\kaman koulemou.jpg" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:365.05pt;margin-top:-5.85pt;width:175.2pt;
height:180.95pt;z-index:251686912;visibility:visible;mso-width-percent:0;
mso-height-percent:0;mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:0;
mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;
mso-position-horizontal:absolute;mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;
mso-position-vertical:absolute;mso-position-vertical-relative:text;
mso-width-percent:0;mso-height-percent:0;mso-width-relative:margin;
mso-height-relative:margin' o:gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQDI4TOSFQEAAFICAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbKSSTW7DIBCF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">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\CATHER~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"
o:title=""/>
<w:wrap type="square"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Kaman worked with World
Education as Project Manager: Community Participation for Peace (P.C. Paix)
from 2006 to 2010. He was admitted to the position of ACORD International's
Operations Manager in Guinea in 2010, where he was in charge of the project
Governance and Transparency in the Mining Sector in Guinea. This project
initiated the creation of consultation frameworks and the signing of
partnership agreements between actors of the mining sector for peaceful
coexistence. This initiative aims to contribute to the promotion of a
transparent mining sector in Guinea, which guarantees sustainable economic and
social benefits for the state and its citizens, and that respects the rights of
local communities. Kaman led a study on practices of expropriation,
compensation, relocation / resettlement of communities affected by mining
projects in Guinea.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN"><span style="font-family: inherit;">In 2014, Kaman was recruited as a Consultant-Trainer on behalf of the
Danish Council for Refugees as part of the establishment and training of peace
committees in Guinée Forestière. In June 2017, he participated in the baseline
study on the causes of crises and tensions in the border area between Guinée
Forestière, West Ivory Coast and Northern Liberia around Mount Nimba. </span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Kaman lives in Nzérékoré in the Forest Region of Guinea, and is married with
two children. </span>He has
just started his work with us and is replacing Bernard Ngalim, who could not
move to Guinea due to family circumstances.</span></div>
</div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-37383001332260694012017-07-11T15:31:00.000+08:002017-07-11T15:31:02.429+08:00Namibia Passes their National Bill on ABS and Traditional Knowledge <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QyFy4kNpj5E/WV9JETmoW4I/AAAAAAAABcs/GWpVKF0EDHIrMeav0oDT82UGxWyN6tMWwCLcBGAs/s1600/Namibia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="553" data-original-width="1041" height="210" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QyFy4kNpj5E/WV9JETmoW4I/AAAAAAAABcs/GWpVKF0EDHIrMeav0oDT82UGxWyN6tMWwCLcBGAs/s400/Namibia.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Namibia recently passed their national law on
bioprospecting called <i>Access to
Biological and Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge Bill</i>. This is an historic moment as Namibia’s
enactment of their law implements the Convention on Biological Diversity’s
Nagoya Protocol. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Their legislation applies to biological and
genetic resources as found in or outside of their natural habitat, the
derivatives of such resources, associated traditional knowledge, and benefits
arising from their use, including commercial use. The law also sets out both to
recognize and protect the rights of local communities over their genetic
resources and associated traditional knowledge. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The legislation recognizes and protects
community intellectual property rights over genetic resources and associated
traditional knowledge. It states that the “State must recognize and
protect the community intellectual property rights as they are enshrined and
protected under the norms, practices and customary law found in, and recognized
by, the concerned local communities, whether such law is written or not.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Namibia is therefore leading in the Africa
region in explicitly protecting communities’ rights to recognition of their
associated traditional knowledge. This is often the area where the Africa
region is still vulnerable.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The
text of the bill can be accessed <a href="http://www.parliament.na/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&download=8000:access-to-biological-and-genetic-resources-and-associated-traditional-knowledge-bill&id=162:bills-2017&Itemid=1269" target="_blank">here</a>: </span></span>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com18tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-33619181090810251312017-07-10T15:56:00.000+08:002017-07-10T18:10:47.257+08:00African Commission Passes Resolution to Protect Sacred Natural Sites<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">At its 60 Ordinary
Session in Niamey (Niger), the African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights
passed <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.achpr.org/sessions/60th/resolutions/372/"><span lang="EN-GB">Resolution 372 on the
Protection of Sacred Natural Sites and Territories</span></a></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">In this resolution,
the African Commission recognises that sacred natural sites are one of the
oldest forms of cultural conservation, and often harbour rich biodiversity. It
highlights the role that custodian communities and their customary systems play
in preserving traditional values, and that they require legal recognition and
support to do so. At the same time, it expresses concern about the continued
rapid growth of environmentally damaging industrial activity and infrastructure
development causing irreparable damage in these sacred sites.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The Resolution
therefore calls on state parties to recognise sacred natural sites and
territories and their customary governance systems, as well as to uphold their
commitments under regional and international law and the rights of custodian
communities. It urges state parties and other stakeholders, including
businesses, to recognise and respect the intrinsic value of sacred natural
sites and territories.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">In developing this resolution, the African
Commission drew on a “<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://africanbiodiversity.org/call-to-african-commission/"><span lang="EN-GB">Call for Legal
Recognition of Sacred Natural Sites and Territories, and their Customary
Governance Systems</span></a></span>”,
which carried the voices of custodian communities from six African countries. Natural
Justice was able to facilitate the presentation of this report by the Gaia
Foundation to the African Commission’s Working Group on Indigenous
Populations/Communities. In a joint <span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://gallery.mailchimp.com/02c4daf3f04db09cb03d78dc8/files/5a9922fd-8d3f-4caf-841b-ec5f4e1d92cb/PressRelease_AfricanResolution372.pdf"><span lang="EN-GB">press release</span></a></span> with the African Biodiversity Network, Liz
Hoskins, the Director of the Gaia Foundation, states that “<i>in this landmark resolution, the African Commission opens a space for
affirming plurilegal systems, which recognise the Earth as the primary source
of law. The Commission positions itself with other progressive initiatives to
transform the dominant industrial jurisprudence and recognize indigenous rights
and Nature’s rights.</i>”</span><br />
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JERfZK69oQs/WV9Gnu1OhdI/AAAAAAAABck/CBvLZZ2JecA1Gnb2HE7rOkgyjtN6KgrfACLcBGAs/s1600/SNS-Benin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="843" data-original-width="1123" height="239" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JERfZK69oQs/WV9Gnu1OhdI/AAAAAAAABck/CBvLZZ2JecA1Gnb2HE7rOkgyjtN6KgrfACLcBGAs/s320/SNS-Benin.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;">Picture: Benin
is one of the few African countries that </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://sacrednaturalsites.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/National-law-on-Sacred-Natural-Sites-2012-French.pdf"><span lang="EN-GB">legally recognize
Sacred Natural Sites</span></a></span><span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;">.
Natural Justice works with local partners to support the custodians of these
forests, for example through the development of community protocols. </span>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com17tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-4853033629878122622017-07-07T15:48:00.000+08:002017-07-07T15:48:46.419+08:00Kukula Traditional Health Practitioners Association BCP Finalization Workshop, South Africa <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nMwdnDxLJ0s/WV4Y37E2JnI/AAAAAAAABcI/xet0t3LYqhgaTh13kvsS3W7eDz1VEufoACEwYBhgL/s1600/201706_Kukula_BCP_Workshop%2B%2528comp%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="336" data-original-width="352" height="305" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nMwdnDxLJ0s/WV4Y37E2JnI/AAAAAAAABcI/xet0t3LYqhgaTh13kvsS3W7eDz1VEufoACEwYBhgL/s320/201706_Kukula_BCP_Workshop%2B%2528comp%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kukula Workshop Participants</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On the 28<sup>th</sup> and 29<sup>th</sup>
June, Natural Justice and K2C facilitated a meeting with the Kukula Traditional Health
Practitioners Association at the Timbavati Bush School, Bushbuckridge, South Africa. The overall aims of the meeting were to review the
developments of the previous year, to finalize the text of the revised Bio-Cultural
Protocol (BCP) and discuss strategies
related to leveraging the BCP.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:306pt;
margin-top:0;width:229.6pt;height:189.4pt;z-index:251687936;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square;mso-width-percent:0;mso-height-percent:0;
mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
mso-position-vertical-relative:text;mso-width-percent:0;mso-height-percent:0;
mso-width-relative:page;mso-height-relative:page'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\CATHER~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg"
o:title=""/>
<w:wrap type="square"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Kukula traditional health practitioners established
the BCP with the intention of regulating their interactions with third parties
and protecting their knowledge to enable fair and equitable benefits to their members.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">The first day of the meeting focused on a
review of the previous year and internal community discussions with Kukula representatives. On the second day of the meeting wider stakeholders
were invited to participate in the meeting. Representatives from researchers
(Benelex and Dr. Britta Rutert), South African National Parks (SANParks), governmental
representatives and legal experts provided an overview of issues that had been
identified by the Kukula.</span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HcA1KNmg6mc/WV4ZmzxtQvI/AAAAAAAABcM/Zkf8DfoXh3sBaTVjZWXkf7LUDJtzL1NhgCLcBGAs/s1600/201706-Luoisa%2B%2528comp%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="263" data-original-width="438" height="192" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HcA1KNmg6mc/WV4ZmzxtQvI/AAAAAAAABcM/Zkf8DfoXh3sBaTVjZWXkf7LUDJtzL1NhgCLcBGAs/s320/201706-Luoisa%2B%2528comp%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Louisa Parks (The Benelex Project)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dr. Louisa Parks (The <a href="https://www.strath.ac.uk/research/strathclydecentreenvironmentallawgovernance/benelex/" target="_blank">Benelex Project</a>) shared findings
from the first 3 years of the Benelex research project of particular relevance to communities, she highlighted that benefits are
more than just limiting damage from a proposed project, they are not compensation,
and that they should reflect what a community sees as a benefit – not what
others tell them is a good thing. Dr. Britta Rutert (Free University, Berlin)
shared the preliminary findings of the ‘<a href="http://www.openair.org.za/case-studies/indigenous-entrepreneurship-beyond-benefit-sharing/" target="_blank">Indigenous Entrepreneurs</a>’ research project conducted with the Kukula,
she highlighted that entrepreneurship in rural, economically deprived areas
with limited infrastructure must be looked as at a “procedural enterprise
rather than an economic enterprise”, and organisation, cooperation and
negotiation skills were learned and utilized by organisations such as the
Kukula in making use of their indigenous knowledge. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KQ_EEbpcBCo/WV4aGB0-z8I/AAAAAAAABcQ/FUdP2O0vJdAnoOYtdDpZpzKFhJVJ1qe0QCLcBGAs/s1600/201706-LouiseSwemmer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="336" data-original-width="447" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KQ_EEbpcBCo/WV4aGB0-z8I/AAAAAAAABcQ/FUdP2O0vJdAnoOYtdDpZpzKFhJVJ1qe0QCLcBGAs/s320/201706-LouiseSwemmer.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dr. Louise Swemmer (SANParks)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Kukula have been engaging with South African National Parks (<a href="https://www.sanparks.org/" target="_blank">SANParks</a>) on issues related to sustainably harvesting medicinal plants. Discussions
focused on opportunities regards integrating Kukula representatives into the
roll out of distribution of the medicinal Pepper Bark tree (W<i>arburgia salutaris</i>), which is classified as an endangered on the <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/30364/0" target="_blank">IUCN Red list</a>. SANParks has been growing hundreds of these tress from seed in their nursery, these trees are in high demand by healers, and
SANPaks is spearheading planting of saplings in communal areas, and sustainable harvesting using leaves rather than the bark.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">During a legal session, Johan Lorenzen
(<a href="http://goldminersilicosis.co.za/" target="_blank">Richard Spoor Attorneys</a>) provided an update on various laws and policies
related to the Kukula, including regulations related to the Traditional Health
Practitioners Act as well as the Indigenous Knowledge Systems Bill. This was
followed by a presentation by Mr Wiseman Rikhotso (Director, Biodiversity
Compliance, <a href="https://www.environment.gov.za/" target="_blank">Department Environmental Affairs</a>) related to the Threatened or
Protected Species (TOPS) Regulations and the compliance awareness drive related
to “muthi” (traditional medicine) markets.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Kukula also discussed the finalization of
the update of their bio-cultural protocol (BCP) and how to leverage it moving
forwards</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">.</span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">Looking forward the revised BCP text will be finalized, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;">the Kukula together with
the Department of Environmental Affairs will host a workshop regards
legislation around Threatened and Protected Species (TOPS), and the Kukula will engage with SANParks on supporting the Pepper Bark project in their villages.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LIXrsmO6-1E/WV4a8FDC5gI/AAAAAAAABcU/GxRGLkIIcBUJG0RyCSNm_jUYYtjGPc1sQCLcBGAs/s1600/Kukula.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="238" data-original-width="448" height="212" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LIXrsmO6-1E/WV4a8FDC5gI/AAAAAAAABcU/GxRGLkIIcBUJG0RyCSNm_jUYYtjGPc1sQCLcBGAs/s400/Kukula.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kukula participants</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-18766363877472978442017-07-06T17:50:00.002+08:002017-07-06T17:50:46.164+08:00A New Dawn: The African Court on Human and People’s Rights Historic Judgment on the Indigenous Peoples Rights<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DFrqqOYB2cc/WV4GDNhBbVI/AAAAAAAABb4/wHDBTAX4EJ85OUatsOUv2bwRC23A_b3ZwCLcBGAs/s1600/AfricanCourt%2BLogo.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="166" data-original-width="458" height="115" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DFrqqOYB2cc/WV4GDNhBbVI/AAAAAAAABb4/wHDBTAX4EJ85OUatsOUv2bwRC23A_b3ZwCLcBGAs/s320/AfricanCourt%2BLogo.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Logo Courtesy of African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 72pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">“The forest is what we
call land”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">James Sang, Ogiek community member<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222;">On 26<sup>th</sup> May
2017, the African Court on Human and Peoples Rights delivered a historic
judgment in favour of the Ogiek, a forest dwelling community.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222;"> This came after a eight
year long legal battle and decades of routinely being subjected to forced
eviction, without consultation and compensation, from their ancestral lands by
the Government of Kenya (GoK). At the heart of forced eviction was the alleged
need to preserve Kenya’s largest closed-canopy forest ecosystem and a water
catchment area,</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Catherine/Downloads/THE%20LOOP%20-%20May%202017%20(1).docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222;"> spanning about 4000
hectares in five counties,</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222;"> and which has been under
threat from illegal settlement and illegal extraction of natural resources.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[4]</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Catherine/Downloads/THE%20LOOP%20-%20May%202017%20(1).docx#_ftn4" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Following the GoK’s
decision in 2009 to evict people living in the Mau forest complex in order to
protect the water catchment zone, the
Minority Rights Group (MRG), Ogiek Peoples Development Programme (OPDP) and
Centre for Minority Rights Development (CEMIRIDE), also the original
complainants, on behalf of 30,000 Ogiek members, filled a suit against the
Government of Kenya (GoK) at the African Commission of Human and Peoples Rights
(“the Commission”) citing the far reaching implications the order had on the
political, social and economic well-being of the Ogiek community. Along with
it, they requested the commission to issue measures requiring the GoK to halt
any land transactions in the Mau Forest Complex and to refrain from any act
that would irreparably prejudice the application pending determination. Subsequent repeated violation of these
measures by the GoK led the Commission to transfer the case to the African
Court on Human and People’s Rights in 2012 (the current application). The
applicant further alleged violation of Article 1,2,4,8, 14, 17(2)(3), 22 and 23
of the Charter and prayed that the court order respondent to halt the eviction,
recognize Ogieks historical land, and issue orders as to compensation for the
loss suffered through the loss of property, natural resources and freedom to
practice religion and culture.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222;">Before addressing the
substantive issues of the application, the court at the 28<sup>th</sup>
Ordinary session issued an order of provisional measure on the ground that the
respondent, through the Ministry of Land, issued a directive lifting the
restriction imposed on all transactions for land measuring five acres or less
within the Mau forest complex.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #222222;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600"
o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f"
stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75"
style='width:337.5pt;height:225pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\CATHER~1\AppData\Local\Temp\OICE_B753245C-23D6-42D2-89D0-3C92BF518E2B.0\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Substantively, the court
heard and dismissed objections raised by the GoK on its material and temporal
jurisdiction to hear the application as well as the objection on admissibility
of the application in as far as the <i>Locus
Standi</i> of the of the original complainants, exhaustion of local legal
remedies and the nature of the case is concerned. Further, the court addressed
the alleged violations of rights provided for in the Charter. Most importantly,
the violation of the right to life (Article 4), right to culture and the
protection of traditional values (Article 17(2)(3), the right to practice
religion (Article 8), the right to property (Article 14) and the right to
development (Article 22). It also considered the question of remedy, which in
whole included an order to halt the eviction of the Ogiek from East Mau
complex, recognizing Ogiek’s historic land and order of payment of
compensation.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222;">In the end, the court </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444;">determined
that the Ogiek, having a clear historic attachment to the Mau Forest, are a
distinct indigenous people. It also found that the Ogiek had property rights
over the land they traditionally occupied and used, even though the colonial
and Kenyan authorities had denied them a formal title. The court determined
that the practice of religion was inextricably linked to land and any
interference with access to land was an interference with this right. In this
case, it noted that the Mau Forest is a spiritual home of the Ogiek and that
the limitation imposed were unjustifiable. The court further considered the
right to culture in a dual dimension: individual nature and the collective
nature. It noted that this right was essential to the Ogiek’s identify and that
the eviction for the preservation of the natural environment could not
constitute a legitimate aim but was rather a measure that violated this right
leaving</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222;"> the Ogiek community vulnerable and forcing them to assimilate</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #444444;">.
Finally, the court found that the GoK had not taken adequate legislative
measures to implement the rights violated in the Charter. To this effect, the
court ordered the GoK to take appropriate measures within a reasonable period
to remedy all violations established. Finally, the court reserved its’ ruling
on reparation and instead directed the issue to be dealt with in a different
application by the applicant. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222;">This judgment is a huge
victory not only for the Ogiek community but also other Indigenous communities
in general.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #2f2f2f;"> Most importantly, by ruling that through a
persistent denial of Ogiek land rights, their religious and associated cultural
and hunter-gatherer practices were also violated, a strong message was sent to
the GoK and other governments on the the need to respect the rights of the
indigenous peoples and further, put measures for the realization of these
rights. In this case, the court was generous enough to </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222;">lay down the duty of the
GoK to put measures for the implementation of the judgment. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #2f2f2f;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222;">However, the implementation of the orders/ judgment cannot be
analyzed without addressing the government’s attitude during this case and in
other similar presided cases. In any
event, the GoK has, time and again demonstrated a pattern of empty promises
towards implementation of measures and orders made against them. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Ogiek ought not to lose
hope. They must push for the implementation of the court’s decision by lobbying
the national government, maintaining a presence in Parliament and using other
spaces to remind the GoK of its duty.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span></span></div>
<div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> ACPHR
v GoK<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> The
Mau water catchment feeds into </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #2f2f2f;">Lakes Victoria, Nakuru, Baringo, Turkana and
Natron, and supports the ecosystems and livelihoods of millions of people.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> J
Sang “Kenya: Ogiek in the Mau Forest” (2001) Forest Peoples Programme<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; font-family: inherit;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Mau
Task Force 17-18.</span><span lang="EN-US"> The forest
is divided into seven blocs comprising South-West Mau (Tinet), East Mau,
Ol’donyo Purro, Transmara, Maasai Mau, Western Mau and Southern Mau.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US">
Summary of fact 2 paragraph 5</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Author: Rose Birgen</span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div>
<div id="ftn4">
</div>
</div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-72687959382654830192017-06-25T18:54:00.001+08:002017-06-25T18:54:48.668+08:00Seven communities gather to draft the Mariarano community protocol, Madagascar<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rFtbAKefXIc/WU-WBkgs25I/AAAAAAAABbQ/TMlC6LWrOTkYv7Rd9nsEsikh6vIkRlnFwCLcBGAs/s1600/201705_Picture%2B1%2BMada%2BBlog%2B%2528comp%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="336" data-original-width="420" height="256" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rFtbAKefXIc/WU-WBkgs25I/AAAAAAAABbQ/TMlC6LWrOTkYv7Rd9nsEsikh6vIkRlnFwCLcBGAs/s320/201705_Picture%2B1%2BMada%2BBlog%2B%2528comp%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Drafting group working on the Mariarano community protocol</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-US">During the first week of May, Natural Justice and GIZ facilitated a workshop with the local communities of Mariarano, in the Boeny region of Madagascar, to advance on their community protocol concerning the access and use of the Motrobe plant. Motrobe is the local name for <i>Cinnamosma fragrans</i>, a plant used in essential oils in Madagascar and abroad.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">The community protocol brings together seven communities who harvest the plant and provide it to local and international biotrade operators. Through their protocol, the communities want to clarify their own decision-making regarding access to the plant, and to hold the operators accountable regarding permits and the fair sharing of benefits from the use of the plant. At the same time, this is the first community protocol process in Madagascar, and the lessons emerging from it are being used to inform the new national framework for Access to genetic resources and Benefit Sharing (ABS).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZHoGKsz3m5s/WU-R8NzvQsI/AAAAAAAABbE/aqZgNS1dnJkcBBp7qG3cEfdTAyIBFE0LwCLcBGAs/s1600/Picture%2B2%2BMada%2BBlog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="453" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZHoGKsz3m5s/WU-R8NzvQsI/AAAAAAAABbE/aqZgNS1dnJkcBBp7qG3cEfdTAyIBFE0LwCLcBGAs/s320/Picture%2B2%2BMada%2BBlog.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Role play on the process for obtaining harvesting permits,<br />during the legal training</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">The workshop was attended by the members of a local committee that the communities decided to create for the development of the community protocol. The meeting started with a legal training session about the new ABS law in Madagascar and about the general regulatory framework for the access and commercial use of plant resources. In the second half, the community representatives drafted the text of the elements of the community protocol. This draft text will now be edited by the GIZ / Natural Justice team. The result will be discussed and validated in each of the communities, before being officially presented at a stakeholder workshop with representatives of the private sector and government administration.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">The Mariarano community protocol will contain the following elements:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 17.85pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Local decision-making structures inside and between the seven communities</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Processes that commercial operators, researchers and others have to follow to access the community’s genetic resources and traditional knowledge</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Traditional rules and values of the communities</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Modalities for benefit sharing and conditions for the buying of plant material</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Processes for conflict resolution</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Commitments by the community to conserve their natural resources, specifically the Motrobe plant</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The rights of the local communities to their natural resources under the law</span></li>
</ul>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-70834668038429296122017-06-13T16:11:00.000+08:002017-06-13T16:11:13.406+08:00Open and Collaborative Science in Development 2017 Workshop<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Oc5cdZV4Um8/WT-dFIYAEII/AAAAAAAABZ0/Cg5clgOUoYMdD1rO_kSCA-gNqlCIc2OgQCLcB/s1600/201706_OCSDNet-CyprusMeeting.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="423" data-original-width="647" height="209" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Oc5cdZV4Um8/WT-dFIYAEII/AAAAAAAABZ0/Cg5clgOUoYMdD1rO_kSCA-gNqlCIc2OgQCLcB/s320/201706_OCSDNet-CyprusMeeting.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">OCSDNet Workshop<br />(Photo Credit: OCSDNet)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The Open and Collaborative Science
in Development Network (OCSDNet) goal is to nurture an interactive community of
Open Science practitioners and leaders in the Global South to learn together
and contribute towards a pool of open knowledge on how networked collaboration
could address local and global development challenges. The network is composed
of twelve researcher-practitioner teams, and Natural Justice’s Dr. Cath Traynor
manages the project team focused on South Africa and the ‘Empowering Indigenous
Peoples and Knowledge Systems related to Climate Change and Intellectual
Property Rights’ Project. Dr. Traynor and project partner Dr. Laura Foster
(Indiana University) participated in the OCSDNet 2017 Workshop, in Limassol,
Cyprus 2-5 June, 2017.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uSV1XNkbvc8/WT-dqjyLOKI/AAAAAAAABZ8/c-nwW0s5eJEALjSxZzClx0LhQQ1haqquQCLcB/s1600/OCSDNet_MANIFESTO.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="570" data-original-width="515" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uSV1XNkbvc8/WT-dqjyLOKI/AAAAAAAABZ8/c-nwW0s5eJEALjSxZzClx0LhQQ1haqquQCLcB/s200/OCSDNet_MANIFESTO.JPG" width="180" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">During the workshop the network
launched the ‘Open and Collaborative Science Manifesto’, this was developed
through a participatory consultative process with the network members from 26
countries to understand what are the values at the core of open science in
development. Discussions revealed that there is not one way to do open science,
but that it requires constant negotiation, reflection and the process will
differ according to context. The network identified seven values and principles
at the core of our vision for a more inclusive open science in development. These
principles include, amongst others:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li>Recognizing cognitive justice and the need for
diverse understandings of knowledge making to co-exist in science production;</li>
<li>That open science practices situated openness by
addressing the ways in which context, power and inequality condition scientific
research;</li>
<li>Every individual’s right to research and enables
different forms of participation at all stages of the research process;</li>
<li>Equitable collaboration between scientists and
social actors and cultivates co-creation and social innovation in society; and
that,</li>
<li>Open and collaborative science strives to use
knowledge as a pathway to sustainable development, equipping every individual
to improve well-being of our society and planet.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The Manifesto is available in <a href="https://ocsdnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Open-Science-English.pdf">English</a>,
<a href="https://ocsdnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Manifesto-Infographic-Afrikaans.pdf">Afrikaans</a>,
<a href="https://ocsdnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Manifesto-Infographic-French.pdf">French</a>
and <a href="https://ocsdnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Manifesto-Infographic-Spanish-1.pdf">Spanish</a>,
there is a short <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1X0xtB_JcY">video</a>
explaining the concepts, and a suggested <a href="https://ocsdnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/OCS-Manifesto-Reading-List.pdf">reading
list</a> for those keen to find out more.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Workshop participants also joined a series of
panel discussions around four themes and chapters in the forthcoming ‘Situating
and Contextualising Openness’ book which the network team is currently producing
and finalizing. Each project within the network has produced an evidence-based
chapter for the book, in which they explore the different issues around open
and collaborative science. The official project time frame of OCSDNet is drawing
to a close, and thus the issue of ‘field building’ was discussed with the aim
to understand what a situated understanding of OCS tells us about the
conditions necessary to build a common field and its potential development
outcomes and impacts. Issues included who can do science? Who can produce
science and write about science? The current power structure of global scientific
production and dissemination is hierarchical and market-driven – can open
science challenge this and create the potentials for new spaces of
collaboration and co-creation of science? The workshop closed with participants
thinking to the future regards policy implications and future research
questions. The <a href="https://storify.com/OCSDNet/ocsdnet-2017-network-meeting-in-cyprus">Storify</a>
from the conference is available here if you missed the tweets from the
workshop.</span></span></div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-78136172306307037602017-06-08T20:11:00.004+08:002017-06-08T20:11:50.900+08:00Capturing Community Images - Ethics and Ownership<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mQ30-PO3HTg/WTk-UhP9dNI/AAAAAAAABZY/eIEnITql7SQ2J1IcaMEXWSA8dN6kiT59ACLcB/s1600/landscapes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="577" data-original-width="1024" height="180" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mQ30-PO3HTg/WTk-UhP9dNI/AAAAAAAABZY/eIEnITql7SQ2J1IcaMEXWSA8dN6kiT59ACLcB/s320/landscapes.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo credit: Cath Traynor/Natural Justice</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">Natural Justice has been engaging with the Indigenous Nama
community in Khuboes, Richtersveld, South Africa on a suite of issues related
to climate change, indigenous knowledge, intellectual property rights and
academic research processes. Cath Traynor and international intern, Andrew
Williamson visited Kuboes together with a professional photographer. Our
objective was to work together with community representatives to capture images
that will illustrate the issues we have been exploring together.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Inspired by on-going work with our research partners on
ethics and socially-just research processes, we applied the learnings to inform
our engagement on issues related to capturing images of the landscape and
community. The idea had arisen through
discussions with youth, we developed the concept, produced individual consent
forms specifically for photographs that would include community members, and
sought community-level consent from the traditional leader. We then worked with a community elder who advised on us locations and imagery and joined us for the duration. The framing is that
the final photographs will be owned by the community and we request licence to use
the images for specific purposes related to our joint areas of work. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The activity surfaced issues
related to ethics, consent processes, ownership and use of images, different
generational perspectives around photographs and privacy particularly in light
of the ubiquity of cell phone cameras and use of social media platforms, and
the possible burden of consent processes and practicalities. Through purposely
engaging on these issues we are developing insights regards what implementation
means in practice.<o:p></o:p></div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-21825231124381411562017-05-10T23:44:00.000+08:002017-05-11T00:26:20.093+08:00Indigenous Peoples and Conservation: A Call to Action<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="text-xlarge line-below-20 bottom20" style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(243, 243, 243); box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: rubik, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 20px 0px;">
<div style="font-size: 1.2rem;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgJhpzjywJ0o-iX_CRM6mN01JPU8f3hi0y26K6dPSFjuADSX8uDF4ZToF8Cz3bUe1olf-iQtNJIIStjx7EKtt6_QZnbo00BRj4h04B16R1tlvc2nqZT8DxJdhtq7ixAvQ4ELTSYd_TIxk/s1600/IMG_8926.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgJhpzjywJ0o-iX_CRM6mN01JPU8f3hi0y26K6dPSFjuADSX8uDF4ZToF8Cz3bUe1olf-iQtNJIIStjx7EKtt6_QZnbo00BRj4h04B16R1tlvc2nqZT8DxJdhtq7ixAvQ4ELTSYd_TIxk/s320/IMG_8926.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 11px; padding-top: 0.8rem;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 1em;">The United Nations' Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues has made a series of recommendations to promote the rights of indigenous peoples in the context of conservation activities. The Permanent Forum met in New York, and, as part of the proceedings, heard from Milka Chepkorir, a Sengwer woman from Kenya, who presented a joint statement on behalf of Forest Peoples Programme, Natural Justice and 20 other organisations. The statement highlighted the lack of implementation of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in the context of conservation policies and practices.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 1em;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 1em;"><span style="font-size: 1em;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 1em;">Milka Chepkorir (see photo below) shared with delegates recent human rights infringements from Kenya, where well over 90 Sengwer homes were burned down, allegedly by the Kenya Forest Service (KFS), a government body. The incident was not isolated but was one of many forced evictions resulting in the destruction of Sengwer homes since the 1970s: evictions that have intensified since first the World Bank and now the EU began funding KFS. The apparent justification for the human rights violations is that the Sengwer should not be on conserved areas, yet, under international law and according to Kenyan Constitution, the Sengwer have a right to their ancestral lands, lands they have occupied – and indeed have conserved effectively – for generations.</span><span style="font-size: 1em;"><br /></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUIXKH_oWjbse-cTiT33SZO8VtAJNmHqxkz2B0OFZfrkbJJqS4IqNJNSi38fuZ8SPh2u00Y_s6WjXlqZURfyk5eUDkSO7muWKGdaZPfrrAu1PtOVTfmajnjL8AR9An2WkQsQQwipkXxsM/s1600/IMG_8947.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUIXKH_oWjbse-cTiT33SZO8VtAJNmHqxkz2B0OFZfrkbJJqS4IqNJNSi38fuZ8SPh2u00Y_s6WjXlqZURfyk5eUDkSO7muWKGdaZPfrrAu1PtOVTfmajnjL8AR9An2WkQsQQwipkXxsM/s320/IMG_8947.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 1em;">Speaking after the Forum, Milka Chepkorir said: “Too often, indigenous peoples like the Sengwer are evicted from their land in the name of conservation. We Sengwer have lived in harmony with our forests for generations. Evicting us from our land doesn’t protect it; it makes our lands vulnerable to exploitation by others, including those who present themselves as conservationists in order to try to justify evicting us and taking our ancestral lands. We need protection to stop this happening, and to secure our communities, our forests and our future.”</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 1em;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 1em;">Joji Carino, senior policy advisor at <a href="http://www.forestpeoples.org/" target="_blank">Forest Peoples Programme</a>, added: “This year marks 10 years since the adoption of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The conservation community must show greater commitment and action to address the continuing human rights violations inflicted on indigenous peoples, on whose lands and territories, biological diversity is sustainably used and most effectively conserved”.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 1em;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 1em;">The Permanent Forum made a number of recommendations for action over the coming year, including undertaking a study to examine Conservation and Indigenous Peoples’ Human Rights by two of its expert members: The Forum addressed the specific situation in Kenya, urging the government there to recognise and formally protect the land and resource rights of the Ogiek and Sengwer peoples. The Forum also urged the International Union for the Conservation of Nature to establish a task force on conservation and human rights to work with indigenous peoples’ communities and organisations both to articulate the rights of indigenous peoples in the context of conservation initiatives, and to continue to promote grievance mechanisms and avenues for redress in the context of conservation action, including the Whakatane Mechanism.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 1em;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 1em;">The full recommendations will be published in June.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 1em;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 1em;">Johanna von Braun, from Natural Justice, noted in response to the challenge faced: “While we certainly have seen over the last 10-15 years improved rhetoric by conservation actors on the need to respect human rights when establishing protected areas, implementation has been poor. It is time to fully implement the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, not only when we are dealing with more ‘traditional’ land-related conflicts like infrastructure development or the extractive sector, but also in the conservation context.”</span><span style="font-size: 1em;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 1em;">FPP and Natural Justice look forward to working together with partners across the world, and with the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, in making sure that concrete steps are taken to reduce the gap that persists between policy commitments and conservation practice in some areas.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Hollyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07715782708003561574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-23072457940351243682017-05-09T23:43:00.004+08:002017-05-11T00:22:24.483+08:00Too little and too late? Realising the Rights of Indigenous People in Conservation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Mw5DS0orDAxXlpYh5nQGOcfhVqyO4Wnk9ODWSDjZ7M9pAcfKCtEUeOYgdPZ9EGqWbDp_mVc6iR1h54-Gyh0zXep-uJukWUDB4lCo9T2YBG1DmcqkYsW42FEFUTnPhcuyH10i-otPxuc/s1600/IMG_8959.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9Mw5DS0orDAxXlpYh5nQGOcfhVqyO4Wnk9ODWSDjZ7M9pAcfKCtEUeOYgdPZ9EGqWbDp_mVc6iR1h54-Gyh0zXep-uJukWUDB4lCo9T2YBG1DmcqkYsW42FEFUTnPhcuyH10i-otPxuc/s320/IMG_8959.JPG" width="320" /></a><br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A side event by Natural Justice and the
Forest Peoples Programme during this year’s UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous
Issues called “Too little and too late? Realising the Rights of Indigenous
People in Conservation” took place on Friday, 28 April, 2017, with the aim of
pushing for a renewed focus on the issues surrounding conservation and human
rights. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #222222; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">While over the last few years we have seen an increasing
recognition of the crucial role indigenous people play in conservation,
highlighting the linkages between community rights to land and resources and
biological diversity, the conservation sector continues to be accused of
infringing the rights of indigenous peoples and local communities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDm1qleRMFKc8uQ2fksz8x2yjoF4CSg3ycIBzvQyYSTR_kg4fD6acwoR_D5MrigrBgIvbv8JYF1quIkOqlJQr2MjiuX_EBOZhZWudXziKUdHqEZEgpQu9e40GlzHO2brfAKx84i0GmnyM/s1600/IMG_8953.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDm1qleRMFKc8uQ2fksz8x2yjoF4CSg3ycIBzvQyYSTR_kg4fD6acwoR_D5MrigrBgIvbv8JYF1quIkOqlJQr2MjiuX_EBOZhZWudXziKUdHqEZEgpQu9e40GlzHO2brfAKx84i0GmnyM/s320/IMG_8953.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #222222; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">From the first denials of access of Native Americans to
Yellowstone National Park in the 1860s to the on-going plight of the Sengwer
community in Kenya (see photo above), there are many documented cases of indigenous peoples being
evicted and subjugated in the name of conservation. A 2016 </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://unsr.vtaulicorpuz.org/site/images/docs/annual/2016-annual-ga-a-71-229-en.pdf"><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">report</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #222222; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> on the matter by UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples, Vicky Tauli-Corpuz (see photo left), states that worldwide, 50% of Protected
Areas were established on the territories and lands of Indigenous Peoples. This
incidence is as high as 90% in Central America.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #222222; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Conservation interventions can impact on indigenous and
other local communities in a number of ways, including: denial to the right to
self determination, denial of free, prior and informed consent; lack of
engagement by outsiders with indigenous institutions; eviction; unjust
resettlement; destruction of property and livelihoods; denial of access and use
of natural resources; intimidation and physical harm; and exploitative
employment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #222222; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Recently, increasing attention has been paid to these
kinds of infringements, including by the reports by two Special Rapporteurs,
namely the aforementioned Ms Victoria Tauli-Corpuz, and Professor John Knox, Special
Rapporteur on Human Rights and the Environment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #222222; font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It should be noted that these injustices have not been
ignored by the conservation sector. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Indeed, the adoption of the Durban
Accord at the World Parks Congress in 2003 marked a shift as the conservation
movement adopted a new paradigm of ‘People and Parks’ which recognised the
central role of indigenous peoples in the conservation and sustainable use of
biological diversity. <span style="color: #222222;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On top of that the conservation community has adopted
some principles and policies recognising its legacy and the on-going human
rights violations in many protected areas. These include:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: calibri; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>IUCN initiated the Whakatane Mechanism in 2011
to enable visits to assess, address and redress injustices carried out in the
name of conservation against indigenous peoples and local communities, on the
ground.</li>
<li>A number of the larger conservation NGOs have
established the Conservation Initiative on Human Rights.</li>
<li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial"; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "calibri"; text-indent: -0.25in;">Several conservation NGOs have set up indigenous
advisory groups or working groups on Human Rights</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">However, in spite of this improved rhetoric,
implementation on the ground continues to be problematic, with on-going cases
of human rights violations in the name of conservation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The aim of the side-event was to build momentum
towards a new focus on conservation and human rights by linking recent UN
reports and recommendations with local experiences and proposals for ways
forwards. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Speakers included Ms Victoria Tauli-Corpuz, who spoke
about the recommendations coming out of her report on the matter; Ms Milka
Chepkorir, who spoke about the plight of the Sengwer community in Kenya, which is
suffering abuses <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at the hands of the
Kenya Forest Service; Mr Onel Maserdule, who spoke about conflicts between
indigenous peoples and conservation initiatives in Panana; and Ms Tuhi
Martukaw, from the Kasavakan Community, who added additional examples of such
conflict from Taiwan (ROC).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Before opening up the floor for discussion, Milka
Chepkorir also read the recommendations that were included in a formal
submission called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Joint Submission on
the Lack of implementation of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples in the context of conservation policies and practices” </i>to the Forum
during its first week of deliberations. The submission was endorsed by a range
of indigenous peoples organisations and their supporting organisations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The recommendations are as follows:<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">We call
on the Permanent Forum to:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Take the
lead in convening an Expert Group Meeting on Conservation and Human Rights in
2018, in collaboration with the UN Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples and the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, to
further explore options for UN action to promote and protect the rights of
indigenous peoples in the context of conservation activities, recognising that
conservation science makes very clear that securing indigenous peoples’
collective tenure rights is the surest basis for effective, as well as just,
conservation;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Develop
an Expert Report on Conservation and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples to
follow-up the recommendations and reports of the UN Special Rapporteur on the
Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the UN Special Rapporteur on Environment and
Human Rights and to inform the work of relevant UN agencies and conventions;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pursue
its recommendations to key global conservation organisations, with a focus on
the members of the Conservation Initiative on Human Rights, and to request CIHR
members to report in 2018 to the Forum on the implementation of the Initiative;
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Urge the
International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to establish a joint
Task Force on Conservation and Human Rights to work with indigenous peoples'
organisations to clearly articulate the rights of indigenous peoples in the
context of conservation initiatives, and to continue to promote grievance
mechanisms and avenues to redress in the context of conservation action,
including the Whakatane Mechanism (in turn, contributing to implementation of
IUCN Resolution 6.072)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6035733385195693768#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>;<span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Urge
International Financial Institutions, the European Commission, the Global
Environment Facility and other donors to apply the strongest possible
safeguards in the financing of conservation programmes and projects, including
climate change mitigation and adaptation actions, and to recognise collective
tenure as the most effective basis for effective conservation and sustainable
use of natural resources;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">We also
call the attention of the Permanent Forum to the following specific case and
associated recommendation: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "calibri"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Recommend to the
European Union and the Government of Kenya that financing and planned actions
in the Cherangany Hills in western Kenya be contingent on the recognition and
formal protection of the rights of the forest indigenous peoples, including the
Ogiek and the Sengwer, to their lands, as provided for under the Community Land
Act, 2016, and the 2010 Constitution, especially Article 63 (2) d ii.</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6035733385195693768#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46489"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/46489</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Hollyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07715782708003561574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-90023988016264308542017-03-28T18:03:00.000+08:002017-03-28T18:03:33.813+08:00Contracting Justice Workshop: Exploring socially just research processes<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bgIM-8X-9Pc/WNoxOnPn-1I/AAAAAAAABT0/MqTjayWZpUYOnFRkUONFtYMC932pZejbACLcB/s1600/CJW_GroupPhoto%2B%2528comp2%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bgIM-8X-9Pc/WNoxOnPn-1I/AAAAAAAABT0/MqTjayWZpUYOnFRkUONFtYMC932pZejbACLcB/s320/CJW_GroupPhoto%2B%2528comp2%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Participants at the Contracting Justice Workshop<br />(Photo credit: Cath Traynor/Natural Justice)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
On the 13<sup>th</sup> and 14<sup>th</sup>
March Natural Justice hosted a workshop centred on community-research contracts
ensuring socially just research processes. This workshop aimed to gain valuable
insights from indigenous communities through exploring the development of a ‘community-researcher
contract’ between communities and researchers within the context of researching
indigenous knowledge related to climate change. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The objectives of the workshop
included legally empowering participants on issues related to laws and policies
on indigenous knowledge systems, intellectual property rights and research
ethics, and exploring the concept of contracts as a tool, and also critically
reflecting upon the trail implementation of ‘community-researcher contract’
between two indigenous communities and three institutions conducting research with
them.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The first day focused on legal
empowerment and internal community discussions with representatives from the
Nama, Griqua and Khomani San communities and a legal adviser. The following day wider stakeholders were
invited, including representatives from the University of Cape Town, Indiana University (USA), legal experts, civil society organisations including the <a href="https://za.boell.org/">Heinrich Boell Stiftung Southern Africa</a>, the <a href="http://www.osisa.org/">Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa</a>, and the
Open and Collaborative Science in Development Network (<a href="http://ocsdnet.org/">OCSDNet</a>). These varied
interests and opinions contributed to a productive discussion regards where the
tensions lie between the respective parties regards how research with
indigenous peoples, both in terms of the frameworks that guide research processes
and how in practice research with indigenous communities is conducted. Areas of
tensions were identified and the role that community-researcher contracts could
play to resolve these discussed.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Important aspects concerning
policies alongside ethical and legal approaches were raised and considered in
detail throughout the session. Issues were voiced surrounding the importance of
consent processes, openness of research – but also some of the dangers of
making indigenous knowledge open, particularly regards intellectual property
issues, and that research process should benefit communities.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
A particular notable and
worthwhile moment of the workshop was hearing the opinions and viewpoints of
the indigenous community’s youth representatives who stressed the importance of
transparency, participatory action, capacity for further legal empowerment of
the community members and beneficiation. Their involvement in this session was especially
valuable for other participants in order to better understand from the community
perspective, where and what the key issues were regards the development and
implementation of research projects with communities or in their traditional
lands.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Looking forward, these
discussions will feed into the final analysis of the potential role of ‘community-researcher
contracts’ as a tool to protect communities rights and to enable communities to
negotiate mutually-beneficial research processes with research institutions.
This analysis is being conducted by Natural Justice’s Climate Change Program
together with research partners Dr. Laura Foster (<a href="http://www.indiana.edu/~gender/">Indiana University</a>) and Dr.
Tobias Schonwetter (<a href="http://ip-unit.org/">Intellectual Property Unit</a>, University of Cape Town), the
Nama community in Khuboes, and the Griqua community in Vredendal. <o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-75563060887176978552017-02-24T22:57:00.002+08:002017-02-24T23:05:21.022+08:00Roundtable Discussion on the Draft National Adaptation Strategy, South Africa<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ApTuePvIugk/WLBJH4DZneI/AAAAAAAABQ0/r3AUTubZ_mIPg-rrd14em21_GZVNTEkOwCLcB/s1600/20170224_DraftNationalAdaptationStrategyMeeting.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ApTuePvIugk/WLBJH4DZneI/AAAAAAAABQ0/r3AUTubZ_mIPg-rrd14em21_GZVNTEkOwCLcB/s320/20170224_DraftNationalAdaptationStrategyMeeting.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The <a href="http://www.cplo.org.za/">Catholic Parliamentary
Liaison Office</a>, hosted a roundtable discussion on the South African draft
National Adaptation Strategy in Cape Town on the 24<sup>th</sup> February,
2017. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Upon the publication of the
National Climate Change Response Policy (NCCPR) White Paper, all provinces and
multiple local governmental entities prepared individual adaptation strategies.
This is in conjunction with the adaptation strategies that have been developed
in the private sector. In order to align the various adaptation strategies,
found both regionally and throughout the private sector, South Africa’s <a href="https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/docs/nas2016.pdf">Draft
National Adaptation Strategy</a> was developed to reflect a more unified,
cross-sectoral approach to climate change adaptation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.acdi.uct.ac.za/chairs-and-fellows/associate-professor-gina-ziervogel">Assoc.
Prof Gina Ziervogel</a> (Adaptation and Vulnerability Specialist, University of
Cape Town) provided an assessment of the draft National Adaption Strategy which
has been produced by the Department of Environmental Affairs of South Africa.
Strategic aspects of the Adaptation Strategy were openly discussed and
presented with diverging opinions regarding the overall content from the
various parties present. Strengths of the draft included recognition of the
broader developmental context within South Africa, the cross-sectoral
approach, attention to monitoring and evaluation, recognition for capacity
building, on-going stakeholder consultation, and the role of science and
academics. Concerns included terminology, for example the term ‘resilience’
covers too many areas, the relevance of the criteria used to assess and map
vulnerability, ability to capture data and learning in practice, and the
suggested institutional architecture regards where to house climate change
within government. The discussion culminated in a round-table discussion with
individuals expressing the role their respective organisations are playing in adaptation
strategies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;">Public consultation on the draft
National Adaptation Strategy is sought until the 28</span><sup style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;">th</sup><span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> February 2017.
This enables stakeholders to contribute comments on the content of the
strategy. Emai<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;">l </span></span><a href="mailto:nasfeedback@clarityeditorial.co.za" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;" target="_blank">nasfeedback<at>clarityeditorial.<wbr></wbr>co.za</a> for an official evaluation form.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-24572244393697683732017-02-11T01:44:00.000+08:002017-02-11T01:44:55.713+08:00Balancing the Scales - Final Report on Community Protocols and Extractives Published<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhItbgvBScibW5E1v7inOWDRUxrJCsEcMqasLajLPw2lpqHSI3k6DOih8CGUfzr1AKl2qY8hxqWOUCuPOq9IUQyScjvg70aHYWhyphenhyphen95qlGzvxvmk4LItDdsN2uIeG0V3a82wDO0FyNC89xo/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-02-10+at+12.37.33+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhItbgvBScibW5E1v7inOWDRUxrJCsEcMqasLajLPw2lpqHSI3k6DOih8CGUfzr1AKl2qY8hxqWOUCuPOq9IUQyScjvg70aHYWhyphenhyphen95qlGzvxvmk4LItDdsN2uIeG0V3a82wDO0FyNC89xo/s320/Screen+Shot+2017-02-10+at+12.37.33+PM.png" width="241" /></a><span style="background: rgb(246, 246, 246); font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt;">Are community protocols
useful in assisting communities to respond to the challenges posed by
extractive industries or large scale infrastructure development? For the last three years, four communities in Argentina,
India, Kenya, and Zimbabwe, respectively, have been participating in a project
that seeks to answer this question (</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://naturaljustice.org/representative-work/community-engagement-extractive-industries/"><span style="background: rgb(246, 246, 246);">click here for more information</span></a><span style="background: rgb(246, 246, 246);">). <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The aim of the research project, implemented by Natural
Justice with the support of the Heinrich Böll Foundation and in partnership
with organisations and communities in Argentina, India, Kenya and Zimbabwe, was
to build a better understanding of the ways in which community protocols can be
effective in the context of extractive industries and related infrastructure development. The project, which commenced
in 2013, has followed and supported community protocol processes in each of
these countries. It has supported the sharing of information about protocols
among all of the communities, as well as with the public, and resulted in the
creation of a <a href="http://naturaljustice.org/community-protocols-toolbox/">Community
Protocols Toolbox</a> that sets forth guidance on what facilitators should
consider before and while embarking on a protocol process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Arial;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536859905 -1073711037 9 0 511 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-font-charset:78;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Cambria;
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073743103 0 0 415 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
mso-themecolor:followedhyperlink;
text-decoration:underline;
text-underline:single;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"MS 明朝";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The project recently came to an end with the publication of
a report, which provides an overview of what has taken place over the last
three years in each of the four community protocol processes. The report also
captures lessons that can be applied to future protocol processes, should other
communities and civil society actors wish to engage in them. The report can be
found <a href="http://naturaljustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Balancing_the_Scales.pdf">here</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Hollyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07715782708003561574noreply@blogger.com37tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-16578960610089202342017-02-08T21:43:00.001+08:002017-02-08T21:43:17.240+08:00Appel à candidature: chercheur/chercheuse en République de Guinée<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Nous élargissons notre équipe et cherchons un chercheur/une chercheuse
sur les impacts des industries extractives basé(e) en Guinée Conakry.</b><br />
<br />
We are expanding out team and looking for a researcher based in Guinea
Conakry to work on impacts of extractives and infrastructure projects.<br />
<br />
<h2>
Que cherchons-nous ?</h2>
<style>
<!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;
mso-font-charset:0;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-536870145 1073786111 1 0 415 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:MingLiU;
panose-1:2 2 5 9 0 0 0 0 0 0;
mso-font-charset:136;
mso-generic-font-family:auto;
mso-font-pitch:variable;
mso-font-signature:-1610611969 684719354 22 0 1048577 0;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
mso-default-props:yes;
font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;
mso-header-margin:.5in;
mso-footer-margin:.5in;
mso-paper-source:0;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
-->
</style>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Natural Justice va entreprendre une étude qui examine les stratégies
utilisées par les communautés et la société civile pour atténuer les impacts
des projets miniers et d'infrastructure et offrir des recours adéquats aux
personnes touchées. Ces recherches feront partie d'une étude sur trois pays,
comprenant également le Kenya et le Zimbabwe, qui vise à partager et à
améliorer les stratégies et programmes appliqués dans différents contextes.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nous recherchons un(e) chercheur/chercheuse à plein temps ou à temps
partiel pour entreprendre l'étude en République de Guinée et fournir des
conseils techniques aux groupes concernés ou à la société civile, au besoin.
Le/la candidat(e) retenu(e) sera basé(e) en Guinée, avec des voyages
internationaux occasionnels lorsque nécessaire, et devra commencer à travailler
immédiatement.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: MingLiU; mso-fareast-font-family: MingLiU;"></span></div>
<br />
<b>Date limite: 05 Mars 2017 </b><br />
<br />
Pour plus de détails, voyez: <a href="http://naturaljustice.org/job/appel-candidature-chercheurchercheuse-en-republique-de-guinee/">http://naturaljustice.org/job/appel-candidature-chercheurchercheuse-en-republique-de-guinee/</a> <br />
</div>
Hollyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07715782708003561574noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-55806451964030069882016-12-08T21:30:00.001+08:002016-12-09T00:04:58.253+08:00The Two Worlds of Nagoya: new publication by Natural Justice and Public Eye<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="row">
<div class="threequarter push-left">
<div class="lead">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQugtwGXH53qJiMi2com3D0E1FZTFiJMAlfj9lHYoa6idDvEAtZQssl_G2dGPAguCPfowW4HiMbi4UZ3HiisX2q4H5s66TlKaPfGfIREqwbW9nYeQc6VWwCnR3AeUeeRYoTW-MyfP0oPg/s1600/Nagoya+study.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQugtwGXH53qJiMi2com3D0E1FZTFiJMAlfj9lHYoa6idDvEAtZQssl_G2dGPAguCPfowW4HiMbi4UZ3HiisX2q4H5s66TlKaPfGfIREqwbW9nYeQc6VWwCnR3AeUeeRYoTW-MyfP0oPg/s320/Nagoya+study.jpg" width="227" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">A <a class="external-link-new-window" data-htmlarea-external="1" href="https://www.publiceye.ch/fileadmin/files/documents/Biodiversitaet/The_two_worlds_of_Nagoya_11-16.pdf">new report</a>,
published by Public Eye and Natural Justice, shows the large
discrepancies between the EU ABS framework and emerging provider country laws in how they implement the Nagoya Protocol, and the
consequences for access and benefit sharing. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">The study will be presented at a <a href="https://www.cbd.int/side-events/2060">side event</a> during the 13th Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Cancún, Mexico on Wednesday 14 December 2016 at 18:15 in Side-event Room 2, Universal building. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">It focuses on three issues:</span></span></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="lead">
<br /></div>
<div class="lead">
<br /></div>
<div class="lead">
<br />
<b>1. The “temporal scope”: </b>
</div>
The EU Regulation takes the position that benefit sharing obligations
are triggered by the physical access to a genetic resource (GR) or
associated traditional knowledge (aTK) in the country of origin, and
limits the obligations of users of GRs and aTK to uses of resources that
have been accessed in provider countries after the Nagoya Protocol has
been ratified by both the EU and the country of origin. This is in
contrast with the understanding of most, if not all, provider countries,
whose legislations consider that benefit sharing should be triggered by
the utilization of GR and aTK. This should include any new utilization
of GR and aTK after the entry into force of the Nagoya Protocol or the
national ABS law of the provider country, even if the physical access
took place before (as is the case with the majority of GR and aTK held
in ex-situ collections, for instance).<br />
<br />
<b>2. Associated Traditional Knowledge: </b>
<br />
The EU regulation limits the aTK that falls under its provisions by
defining it as “traditional knowledge held by an indigenous or local
community that is relevant for the utilisation of genetic resources and
that is as such described in the mutually agreed terms applying to the
utilisation of genetic resources”. This definition – i.e. including only
aTK that is mentioned in MAT - is concerning because it makes it near
impossible to track the illegal access and utilisation of aTK, i.e. the
utilisation of aTK which has been accessed without PIC (prior informed
consent) and MAT.<br />
<br />
<b>3. The “import loophole”: </b>
<br />
A significant gap in the EU regulation exists because it requires due
diligence only from users of GR and aTK within the EU – not from
parties selling or otherwise commercially profiting from products based
on GR and aTK which were developed outside of the EU and then imported.<br />
<br />
The study argues that these discrepancies between the EU regulation
and provider country legislations will lead to legal uncertainty for
providers and users alike. This in turn, if solutions are not found,
could lead to more restrictive access measures by provider countries. It
goes on to propose potential measures that can be taken by various
actors to maintain the spirit of the CBD and the Nagoya Protocol, fulfil
the rights of provider countries and of indigenous peoples and local
communities, and achieve fair and equitable benefit sharing.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="threequarter push-left">
<b>For more information</b> </div>
<div class="threequarter push-left">
Barbara Lassen,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:barbara@naturaljustice.org" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">barbara@naturaljustice.org</a>, Natural Justice <br />
Francois Meienberg,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="mailto:francois.meienberg@publiceye.ch" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">francois.meienberg@publiceye.<wbr></wbr>ch</a>, Public Eye </div>
<div class="threequarter push-left">
<br />
<div class="lead">
<br /></div>
<div class="lead">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Hollyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07715782708003561574noreply@blogger.com72tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-20528569779435925362016-11-11T16:00:00.001+08:002016-11-11T16:00:25.715+08:00CAPE TOWN HUB- SKILL SHARE SESSION: Land Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Africa; With a Special Focus on Central, Eastern and Southern Africa<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UsyPNwPWJf0/WCV5uVLGJPI/AAAAAAAAAwg/iA-WPKVtwhQ8WfWv9FWCYcRpEzBVGhiMwCLcB/s1600/1478082143438-1024023156.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UsyPNwPWJf0/WCV5uVLGJPI/AAAAAAAAAwg/iA-WPKVtwhQ8WfWv9FWCYcRpEzBVGhiMwCLcB/s400/1478082143438-1024023156.jpg" width="283" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Guest Speaker
& author<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Dr. Albert Kwokwo Barume</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">, <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">UN Chair to
Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">On the 31<sup>st</sup> of October
2016, the Cape Town hub hosted a Skill and Information Sharing Session with our
eminent guest speaker, Dr. Albert Barume. He is an African lawyer from the DRC region. He
is one of the leading experts around land, human rights and related matters
affecting indigenous peoples. He played a key role in leading the protection of
rights and norms of indigenous peoples in especially the Africa region and
internationally. He also led on the process engaging African governments to
support the vote in favour of adopting the UN Declaration on the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples during 2007. Which resulted in the development of the <i><a href="http://www.achpr.org/mechanisms/indigenous-populations/un-advisory-opinion/">Advisory
Opinion of the African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights Commission on the
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a> </i>impacting the
adoption of the UNDRIP during September 2007<i>.
</i>He also serves as an expert member to the African Commission’s special
mechanism called the Working Group on Indigenous Populations/Communities in
Africa. For our skill share session he
was a discussant to his book called, <i><a href="http://www.iwgia.org/iwgia_files_publications_files/0002_Land_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples_In_Africa.pdf">Land
Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Africa: With a Special Focus on Central,
Eastern and Southern Africa</a></i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">He touched on important issues
ranging from the human rights-based meaning pertaining the conceptualization of
indigenous peoples’ rights in Africa. He also discussed the land rights
challenges faced by IPs in the region. Highlighting the importance of the
preservation and protection of their land use and management systems, as well
as their ways of life. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-56891496960776462922016-10-27T14:40:00.001+08:002016-10-27T14:43:52.001+08:00The Bailique Community Protocol in Brazil<b><i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Guest blog by Roberta Peixoto Ramos, PhD student at the London School of Economics & Political Science (LSE)</span></span></i></b><br />
<b><i><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></i></b>
<br />
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">In December 2014, the communities of the Bailique Archipelago, an area
situated in the Amazonian State of Amapá in Brazil, assembled to vote for the final agreements that would compose
their Community Protocol. This was the result of 14 months of workshops,
meetings and informal conversations, where communities focused on different
aspects of their livelihood, decision-making processes and the need to be
informed and empowered to have a more equal dialogue with any external actor
that might approach the communities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The project to construct the Bailique Community Protocol was born out of
a necessity to recognize the right of indigenous people and traditional
communities to be involved and participate in all decisions related to their
territory in a national scenario that was (and still is) characterized by a
complete disrespect for this right. Furthermore, the discussion around the
community protocol focused on
the recognition of the vital role that these local communities have in the
conservation of biodiversity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Thus, the community protocol is composed of community local rules that
reflect their traditional way of life and the manner in which the community
relates to itself and to external actors. Also, the protocol is a document that
defines procedures, criteria and tools for territorial management and the
sustainable use of natural resources. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-d6Y2v4pA5S4/WBGbHr2oaoI/AAAAAAAAApw/cFjs0pMNwAEpTEaNzJO1aiHl3jzI76AhgCEw/s1600/pic%2B1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-d6Y2v4pA5S4/WBGbHr2oaoI/AAAAAAAAApw/cFjs0pMNwAEpTEaNzJO1aiHl3jzI76AhgCEw/s1600/pic%2B1.jpeg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Bailique communities use small boats to move<br />
around their territory. <br />
Credit: Paulo Santos/Acervo H</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The Community Protocol project was proposed to the Bailique communities
in 2013 by the Brazilian NGO ‘Grupo de Trabalho Amazônico (GTA)’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Catherine/Downloads/Natural%20Justice%20Blog.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><sup><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span style="border: none; color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></sup></a>,
which is a network of different
community institutions located throughout the Brazilian Amazon. The Bailique
archipelago is situated at the mouth of the Amazon river, at around 200 km from
the city of Macapá in the state
of Amapá, and only reachable by
boat. The population is of about eleven thousand people
distributed in approximately 51 communities. Their main activities are fishing
and extraction of forest products, of which acai berry extraction is the main source of income.</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The foundation of the methodology developed to construct community
protocols is to enable the full participation of communities in all aspects and
all levels of the project. Hence, the first step was to get the community’s
free, prior and informed consent with
regards to having the project in their territory. It is interesting to
note that the Bailique community was not facing any impending threat at the
time and their decision to start a process to construct their community
protocol was based on their vision that the protocol would enable the community
to be better organized locally
and more empowered rather than
help them with a specific conflict. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The methodology developed was divided in four major workshops covering
the following areas (i) a social, environmental, cultural and economic analysis
of their territory and communities; (ii) relevant national legislation,
international treaties and public policies; (iii) access to genetic resources,
traditional knowledge and benefit-sharing and (iv) risks and opportunities of
the protocol.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">One of the most innovative tools proposed was the so called
‘consultation document’, which was an instrument used to ensure a more
horizontal participation of the communities. During the workshops, each
community would send their representative, who would discuss issues related to
their community and to the Bailique territory. All these discussions were to
become part of the text of their protocol. In order to avoid that the Bailique
Protocol become a mere
reflection of the leadership’s views (understanding that there are also power challenges at the local level), the project created
a system where all the answers given by these leaders during the workshops were
systematized in a ‘consultation document’, which was then circulated to every
household in order to verify the answers given. In this ‘consultation document’
there were the answers given by the leaders and a space where the person
consulted could agree, disagree or add to the answer given. There were two
rounds of this ‘consultation document’. One took place after the first workshop and the second after the first
general assembly where the leaders had the chance to see the results of the
first ‘consultation document’ and react to what was changed or agreed. These
household visits were done by the ‘support team’, which was formed by young
people from the communities who wanted to get more involved. The result was
that at the end of the process the project visited over 70% of the households taking part in the protocol and there
was an increased sense of
legitimacy and belonging, as young people increasingly became the voice of the project.</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-p-4FXArG-Nk/WBGbK6OGXcI/AAAAAAAAApw/kJAIVnHb02krJ-mISE81mKUj8csxq-OjQCEw/s1600/pic%2B2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-p-4FXArG-Nk/WBGbK6OGXcI/AAAAAAAAApw/kJAIVnHb02krJ-mISE81mKUj8csxq-OjQCEw/s1600/pic%2B2.jpeg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Community discussing the need to improve the
quality<br />
of their products. Credit: Paulo Santos/Acervo H</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The Bailique Community Protocol has achieved many important results to
date and the project is now working with communities to help them put in
practice the decisions of their Protocol assembly. Some of the more concrete
results are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Creation of the Association of the Bailique Community Protocol (ACTB),
which is composed of traditional leadership and young leaders that represent
and act upon the decisions of the assembly.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Identification of four main products of their sociobiodiversity that
they want to explore further, improve its quality and search for new technology
and new markets: fish, acai berries,
essential oils and medicinal plants.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Identification of land irregularity in the region (that was not clear
before the protocol), which was causing conflicts, legal uncertainty and
impeding communities from accessing
certain public policies that require land ownership. The communities are now
working closely with the Federal Prosecutor’s
Office and land agencies to resolve their land issues.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Identification of the need to have their own ‘Family School’ in their
territory, which is an education system designed to answer for the needs of
forested people, allowing young people to get quality education without leaving
their communities. This school is going to be partially funded by the acai
berry producers who are organizing themselves to have their acai berry production certified by the Forest
Stewardship Council (FSC), which will eventually increase their income,
allowing them to use a share of this revenue to fund the Family School.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">In addition to these, there are other less visible results of the
protocol which are more
difficult to measure, but that are the foundation of the changes that are
happening in the territory. The Bailique communities are more informed about
their rights as traditional communities and their rights as Brazilian citizens,
they are more informed about national and international legislation and they are challenging local power structures that
historically have been associated with local political parties and therefore
paternalist approaches </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">[ for the initial results see </i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://ssrn.com/author=2592045"><i><span lang="EN-GB">OELA Policy Brief Issue 1</span></i></a></span><i style="font-family: inherit;">].</i></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><br /></i><i style="font-family: inherit;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6NM3lGh_hgM/WBGbK2EQwqI/AAAAAAAAApw/ao3yF7Gz_KEs39LHcDSfG2-b28cQSxVgACEw/s1600/pic%2B3.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6NM3lGh_hgM/WBGbK2EQwqI/AAAAAAAAApw/ao3yF7Gz_KEs39LHcDSfG2-b28cQSxVgACEw/s1600/pic%2B3.jpeg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A house surrounded by native acai trees. <br />
Credit:
Paulo Santos/Acervo H</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</i></div>
<div class="Body" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">But more importantly, the process of constructing their community protocol has allowed them to become more empowered to define, decide, and act upon the development
path they choose to follow, while becoming increasingly aware of the importance of
conserving their local biodiversity and preserving their traditional ways of life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br clear="all" />
</span><br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Catherine/Downloads/Natural%20Justice%20Blog.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none; color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Since July 2016,
the NGO OELA has become the main supportive institution in the process of the
Bailique protocol, while GTA remains as an important partner.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">You can contact Roberta on email: r.p.ramos@lse.ac.uk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">The views reflected here do not necessarily represent those of Natural Justice.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-43529109647995589252016-09-29T14:08:00.000+08:002016-09-29T14:08:02.268+08:00Internships with Natural Justice: A personal reflection by Julia Roettinger<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aPkJnBRJpYE/V-ytW-2oBHI/AAAAAAAAAcY/9xOwYmvQVUIyNACHhvXX6pr4lGkXXFiHQCLcB/s1600/Matchbox.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="191" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aPkJnBRJpYE/V-ytW-2oBHI/AAAAAAAAAcY/9xOwYmvQVUIyNACHhvXX6pr4lGkXXFiHQCLcB/s320/Matchbox.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Julia & Gerren - Planning the Climate Justice Workshop<br />(Photo credit: Cath Traynor)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i>Julia Roettinger reflects on her two months as an intern with Natural Justice's Cape Town Hub and the Climate Change Program</i><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Natural Justice certainly does not make you
feel like a typical intern. Instead you gain valuable hands-on experience as
well as an insight in the office work of a small NGO, led by a dedicated team,
in the centre of Cape Town. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-family: inherit;">My two-month internship was everything I
was hoping for and more. As an international Master’s student at UCT I was
assisting Dr Cath Traynor with the fairly new Climate Change Program at
Natural Justice, which aims to empower indigenous peoples through rights-based adaptation approaches together with communities. My tasks included contributing to a
policy/academic paper on climate change impacts and the right to food in
Southern Africa with a particular focus on indigenous peoples which will
probably be published soon. In addition to that I was given the opportunity to
drive up to Kuboes, a small place close to the Namibian border inhabited by the Nama people, where we facilitated a work shop on climate change for the Kuboes
youth group. This turned out to be an amazing and also eye-opening experience.
We heard about climate change impacts from first hand and I realized how urgent
the problem actually is for those vulnerable groups. No matter how much the
“international community” and the national government tries to mitigate we, and
especially remote and rural communities, have to find ways to adapt to a
rapidly changing climate. So what can be done? And how can Natural Justice
assist? I realized how important Natural Justice’s work is. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pgSbSR-xtBs/V-ytbjKMdEI/AAAAAAAAAcc/jfgdRhnZa0ApqJKVo8Dt-XKvwjIr8z_2QCLcB/s1600/P1100237comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pgSbSR-xtBs/V-ytbjKMdEI/AAAAAAAAAcc/jfgdRhnZa0ApqJKVo8Dt-XKvwjIr8z_2QCLcB/s320/P1100237comp.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Julia fitting in some studying after the Peer-to-Peer Activities<br />(Photo credit: Cath Traynor)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Just when I thought my internship could not
get more interesting Cath asked me to come along with her to Nieuwoudtville in
the Northern Cape to be part of a peer-to-peer learning exchange with the local
community and “our” Kuboes youth group. We stayed at a fully self-sustainable
ecolodge where we were guests of the NGOs <i>Indigo
Development & Change</i> and <i>Environmental
Monitoring Group (EMG)</i> who made it an inspiring and very informative trip.
I could literally see the excitement in the young adults’ eyes. They could not
wait to get home and engage with their elders’ knowledge in order to find
adaptation solutions. I believe that it is about those kind of experiences that
passionate people like Cath work and live for. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-ZA"><span style="font-family: inherit;">They say timing is everything and perhaps
my timing for this internship was just right but I truly believe that Natural
Justice has so much to offer for interns throughout the year. I have had an
incredible time learning about South Africa, its indigenous peoples and climate
change and I can now say that it was one of the most exciting and interesting
internships I have done so far.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-28300522195564495812016-09-28T22:49:00.001+08:002016-09-28T22:49:24.310+08:00CAPE TOWN HUB: SKILL SHARE SESSION: ‘Conservation Standards’: From rights to responsibilities<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-X-28p1au1lQ/V-vXubzP2GI/AAAAAAAAAcI/d-ieHWOQSbYPiWxgbhVerD2x_0EMacR0QCLcB/s1600/Conservation%2BStds.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-X-28p1au1lQ/V-vXubzP2GI/AAAAAAAAAcI/d-ieHWOQSbYPiWxgbhVerD2x_0EMacR0QCLcB/s1600/Conservation%2BStds.jpg" /></a><i><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Skill Share Presenter: Harry Jonas</span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></i>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">With the recognition
of the scope for human rights violations in the name of conservation, Harry
Jonas and Jael Makagon, set out to produce a set of ‘Conservation Standards’. Harry
Jonas, our Program Director, shared the work they produced at the monthly Skill
and Information Sharing Session. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">He
set out the purpose of these ‘Conservation Standards’ to serve as guidance to right-bearers and
stakeholder groups involved in conservation interventions. It aims to be as
clear as possible on what precisely are the standards to be complied with when
undertaking conservation initiatives. These standards are specifically based on
the rights of indigenous peoples, with a focus on the law as it is stated in
the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. This declaration
is an articulation of already established customary international norms and standards
as found in international law.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">He
also discussed the importance of the <i>Whakatane
Mechanism</i> in relation to the Conservation Standards. The <i>Whakatane Mechanism</i> serves as a redress
mechanism in assessing disputes arising in different protected areas around the
world. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Natural
Justice presented these ‘Conservation Standards’ at the World Conservation
Congress in Hawaii early September 2016. It is also </span><span lang="EN-ZA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">currently being
discussed at a meeting in Geneva hosted by the UN Special Rapporteur on human
rights and the environment</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">,</span></span><span lang="EN-ZA" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> and will be further discussed at a meeting
focusing on the <i>Whakatane Mechanism</i>
in October.</span><span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://pubs.iied.org/14666IIED/?a=Harry+Jonas">Conservation Standards</a></span></div>
<i style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://whakatane-mechanism.org/">Whakatane Mechanism</a></span></i>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-31130799424299607402016-09-22T17:38:00.001+08:002016-09-22T17:38:15.286+08:00CAPE TOWN HUB: SKILL SHARE SESSION: The Making and Unmaking of Patent Ownership: Technicalities, Materialities, and Subjectivities<i><br /></i>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Nk70f9FypHY/V-OlmCSgSII/AAAAAAAAAbs/2pcr6jci93M3qnHiFUp1JIUfjpuXNwRPwCLcB/s1600/Hoodiaplant_comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Nk70f9FypHY/V-OlmCSgSII/AAAAAAAAAbs/2pcr6jci93M3qnHiFUp1JIUfjpuXNwRPwCLcB/s320/Hoodiaplant_comp.jpg" width="179" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hoodia (Photo credit: Cath Traynor)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i>Guest Blog by Dr. Laura A. Foster</i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Dr.
Laura Foster recently led a seminar with Natural Justice regarding her newly
published article titled “The Making and Unmaking of Patent Ownership:
Technicalities, Materialities, and Subjectivities” regarding issues of
indigenous peoples’ knowledge, patent ownership and benefit sharing. The seminar
sparked an informative discussion on how the assumptions and rules of patent
ownership are designed to value certain forms of knowledge production over
others, namely that of knowledge produced in a lab over that of indigenous
peoples knowledge. Foster stressed the importance of also examining how knowledge
produced by scientists in the lab and indigenous peoples in the Kalahari are in
fact similar rather than different. An abstract and excerpt from her new
article is featured here. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Feminist
sociolegal studies have recently taken up the technicalities of doctrines,
documents, and regulations to better understand the law. In an affiliated move,
feminist science studies turned to the materialities of theories, practices,
and nonhuman organisms to make critical sense of science. These methodological
turns focus not on gender, per se, but on precise mechanisms of law and science
that structure, reinforce, and reconfigure power and inequality. Drawing on
these methodological approaches, this article attends to the technicalities and
materialities of patent ownership and benefit sharing in South Africa in
regards to San peoples’ struggles over the patenting of the Hoodia gordonii
plant. An examination of patent documents, benefit-sharing agreements,
legislative appendixes, and the biology of plants generates an understanding of
how patent ownership, rather than being natural or value-neutral, is a
historical and sociocultural process shaping, refashioning, and being inscribed
across multiple scales of nation-state jurisdictions, divergent ways of knowing,
and biochemical orderings of plants<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Excerpt<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KOuVRyAnatc/V-OlmGzYNNI/AAAAAAAAAbo/3qXvNkHEJd8G4qJ0gL4YAYIiQox-YOVmgCLcB/s1600/Hoodiaseedlings%2B-comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KOuVRyAnatc/V-OlmGzYNNI/AAAAAAAAAbo/3qXvNkHEJd8G4qJ0gL4YAYIiQox-YOVmgCLcB/s320/Hoodiaseedlings%2B-comp.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hoodia seedlings (Photo credit: Cath Traynor)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Scientists
with the South African Center for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">obtained
a provisional patent in 1997 related to the Hoodia gordonii</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">plant, which they found to be responsible for
suppressing appetite.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">The patenting of
Hoodia properties, officially granted in 1999, incited a network of actors as
the plant was poised to become the next blockbuster weight-loss drug. CSIR
scientists collaborated with the UK biotechnology firm Phytopharm and the
global pharmaceutical company Pfizer, and eventually with Unilever, to develop
Hoodia- based products for the growing “obesity epidemic” in the United States.
Angered over the patenting of Hoodia , indigenous San peoples mobilized against
CSIR and its commercial partners, accusing them of stealing their knowledge
without prior informed consent (Barnett 2001; Wynberg 2004). San claimed
historical discovery of the plant they referred to as !Khoba</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">as a source of water and energy when food
supplies were low. Their knowledge of the plant’s properties and uses in
conditions of scarcity was now being appropriated to treat obesity. San’s
collective organizing led to the signing of a benefit sharing agreement in
2003, whereby CSIR agreed to give San peoples 6 percent of their royalty income
from future Hoodia</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">sales and 8 percent
of milestone payments.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">My
own ethnographic research into Hoodia
arose when San–CSIR benefit sharing seemingly faltered. Unilever dropped
the project in late 2008, casting doubt over the promise of Hoodia -based
products and monies to San. Legal uncertainty also ensued with the adoption of
the Bio-Prospecting, Access and Benefit-Sharing Regulations4 in 2008 (hereafter, BABS Regulations).
Despite this uncertainty, Khomani San I spoke with considered benefit sharing
to be a success because it brought recognition to San peoples. Benefit sharing
simultaneously recognized two divergent ways of understanding Hoodia —one
emanating from San and the other from CSIR researchers. The mechanisms
underlying this recognition, however, remain unexamined. Several accounts have
produced valuable histories of San struggles over the patenting of Hoodia and subsequent benefit-sharing negotiations
(Comaroff and Comaroff 2009; Vermeylen 2008; Wynberg, Schroeder, and Chennells
2009). Delving into the technicalities and materialities relevant to these
struggles, however, provides additional insights into how patent ownership and
benefit sharing become sites for the fashioning (and unfashioning) of human and
nonhuman subjects, albeit in limited and unequal ways.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">In
particular, I examine the technicalities of two Hoodia patent documents, the
San–CSIR benefit-sharing agreement, and a South African legislative appendix
governing benefit sharing to understand how patent ownership is constituted. To
guide my analysis, I draw upon a recent turn in feminist sociolegal studies
toward the technical and everyday details of law to understand how hierarchies
of power and knowledge are produced and contested (Riles 2005; Valverde 2009).
For instance, I find that the Hoodia invention and its scope of patent
ownership differ in South Africa versus the United States. Through this
analysis, patent ownership emerges not as a Lockean natural property right, but
as a contingent and historical process.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Furthermore,
I analyze how patents involve the making of both human and nonhuman </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">subjects.
While feminist sociolegal studies turn to technicalities, feminist science
studies </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">takes
up the materialities of human and nonhuman matter. Attention is placed not only
on the discursive representations of humans and nonhumans, but also on how the
unpredictability of their biologies and materialities provoke their discursive
constraints (Alaimo 2011; Barad 2007; Bennett 2010; Coole and Frost 2010).
Considering the biochemistry of the plant, I show how Hoodia patent ownership
and benefit sharing become sites for the interrelated engendering of both San
and Hoodia . The liveliness of the plant inscribes San agency and conditions of
law, and vice versa. In the end, I argue that patent ownership and benefit
sharing are contingent scalar processes; as such, they are best understood
through attention to scale, specificity, and the making of human and nonhuman
subjects that are co-constituted by and against the law.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Citation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">This
excerpt can be cited as follows: PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology
Review, Vol. 39, Number 1, pps. 127–143.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> </span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">The
full text of the article can be found at</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/plar.12135/abstract">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/plar.12135/abstract</a></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 11pt;">Dr.
Laura Foster (@DrLauraAFoster) (fosterl at indiana.edu) </span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 11pt;">is
Assistant Professor of Gender Studies at Indiana University, where she is also
Affiliate Faculty in the IU Maurer School of Law and African Studies Program.
She is also a Senior Research Associate in the Intellectual Property Unit at
University of Cape Town Faculty of Law. Her current book project examines how
contestations over patent ownership rights, Indigenous San knowledge, and
Hoodia plants in South Africa present emerging sites of struggle over who does
and does not belong. </span></i></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-29135288206306923042016-09-15T03:51:00.000+08:002016-09-15T03:51:53.543+08:00Looking for part-time or full-time Intern to support NJ in New York City<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #ECEEEB; margin-bottom: 8.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 16.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="color: #777777; font-family: "helvetica neue";"><i>Who is Natural Justice?</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #ECEEEB; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 8.25pt;">
<span style="color: #777777; font-family: "helvetica neue";">Natural
Justice: Lawyers for Communities and the Environment is a young and fast-paced
non-profit organisation specialising in human rights and environmental
law. We are an African pioneering team of legal practitioners, who conduct
comprehensive research on environmental and human rights law, support
communities and local organisations, provide technical advice to governments
and intergovernmental organisations, and engage in key international
processes in pursuit of environmental justice. Natural Justice works in a
number of African countries, with its headquarters in Cape Town and teams
in Kenya, Benin and USA.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #ECEEEB; margin-bottom: 8.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 16.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="color: #777777; font-family: "helvetica neue";"><i>What are we looking for?</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #ECEEEB; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 8.25pt;">
<span style="color: #777777; font-family: "helvetica neue";">Natural
Justice is looking for a part time or full time intern who will support the
Executive Director, based out of New York City. The intern is expected to
support the ED in a number of her responsibilities, in particular relating to
communications and fundraising activities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #ECEEEB; margin-bottom: 8.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 16.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="color: #777777; font-family: "helvetica neue";"><i>What’s on offer?</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #ECEEEB; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 8.25pt;">
<span style="color: #777777; font-family: "helvetica neue";">Natural
Justice is a close-knit and nurturing collective that places emphasis on
facilitating opportunities for the professional and personal growth of its
members. Joining Natural Justice will also give the successful candidate a
chance to work with a passionate and highly professional team in a fast-paced
environment and gain valuable work experience. The successful candidate
will get a close look at the day-to-day management challenges of a young
international NGO. The length of the internship is open-ended but we expect a
minimum stay of 3 months. The internship will be unpaid. The successful candidate
can work from home but will be encouraged to work out of Natural Justice’s
small office in Brooklyn.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #ECEEEB; margin-bottom: 8.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 16.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="color: #777777; font-family: "helvetica neue";"><i>Minimum skills and experience required:</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: #ECEEEB; color: #777777; line-height: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some background in the field of human rights and/or
environmental justice. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: #ECEEEB; color: #777777; line-height: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Good writing skills for different platforms and
audiences, ranging from social media, fundraising proposals to academic
publications;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: #ECEEEB; color: #777777; line-height: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Experience with different social media platforms<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: #ECEEEB; color: #777777; line-height: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ability to work well under pressure with minimal
supervision;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: #ECEEEB; color: #777777; line-height: 18.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ability to multi-task, be flexible and work in varying
conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #ECEEEB; margin-bottom: 8.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 16.5pt; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="color: #777777; font-family: "helvetica neue";">Application process:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #ECEEEB; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 8.25pt;">
<b><span style="color: #777777; font-family: "helvetica neue";">Deadline: 30
September 2016</span></b><span style="color: #777777; font-family: "helvetica neue";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #ECEEEB; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 8.25pt;">
<span style="color: #777777; font-family: "helvetica neue";">Email your
application to Johanna von Braun (</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue";"><a href="mailto:johanna@naturaljustice.org">johanna@naturaljustice.org</a><span style="color: #777777;">).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #ECEEEB; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 8.25pt;">
<span style="color: #777777; font-family: "helvetica neue";">Include a
motivation letter that indicates why you would like to work for Natural Justice
and a detailed CV.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Hollyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07715782708003561574noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6035733385195693768.post-43968324270833871922016-09-14T16:45:00.000+08:002016-09-14T16:46:47.571+08:00IUCN World Conservation Congress<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> 6</span><sup style="font-family: inherit;">th</sup><span style="font-family: inherit;"> IUCN
World Conservation Congress was held from 1-10 September in Hawai’i (USA). Harry Jonas launched
the first draft of the </span><a href="http://pubs.iied.org/14666IIED/?a=Harry+Jonas" style="font-family: inherit;">Conservation
Standards</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> at an event co-hosted with Gina Cosentina, which was attended by
the UN Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples and the UN Special
Rapporteur on human rights and the environment, among others. As a Co-Chair of
the IUCN Task Force on Other Effective Area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs),
he also presented on early guidance on OECMs at an event hosted at the
Protected Planet Pavilion. A number of important resolutions were adopted at
the Congress’s Assembly, including on: a) recognition and respect of indigenous
peoples’ and community conserved territories and areas (ICCAs) overlapped by
protected areas, and b) Enabling the Whakatane Mechanism to contribute to
conservation though securing communities’ rights.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></div>
</div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com1